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AI, or Artificial Intelligence, in the early 1980sas described, involved creating programs that could understand natural language to a certain extent. The speaker believed at first that AI was about teaching programs like SHRDLU more words and expanding their formal representations of concepts. However, he later realized that this approach had significant limitations because there was an unbridgeable gap between the subset of natural language these early programs could handle and true human-like understanding. He came to see AIas a field with potential but one that was fundamentally flawed in its initial approaches, particularly those relying on explicit data structures to represent concepts without achieving actual intelligence.
在博客原文中的相关SHRDLU:
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data/paul_graham/paul_graham_essay.txt
25:AIwasintheairinthemid1980s,butthereweretwothingsespeciallythatmademewanttoworkonit:anovelbyHeinleincalledTheMoonisaHarshMistress,whichfeaturedanintelligentcomputercalledMike,andaPBSdocumentarythatshowedTerryWinogradusingSHRDLU.Ihaven't tried rereading The Moon is a Harsh Mistress, so I don'tknowhowwellithasaged,butwhenIreaditIwasdrawnentirelyintoitsworld.Itseemedonlyamatteroftimebeforewe'd have Mike, and when I saw Winograd using SHRDLU, it seemed like that time would be a few years at most. All you had to do was teach SHRDLU more words.
29:For my undergraduate thesis, I reverse-engineered SHRDLU. My God did I love working on that program. It was a pleasing bit of code, but what made it even more exciting was my belief — hard to imagine now, but not unique in 1985 — that it was already climbing the lower slopes of intelligence.
33:I applied to 3 grad schools: MIT and Yale, which were renowned for AI at the time, and Harvard, which I'dvisitedbecauseRichDraveswentthere,andwasalsohometoBillWoods,who'd invented the type of parser I used in my SHRDLU clone. Only Harvard accepted me, so that was where I went.
37:What these programs really showed was that there'sasubsetofnaturallanguagethat's a formal language. But a very proper subset. It was clear that there was an unbridgeable gap between what they could do and actually understanding natural language. It was not, in fact, simply a matter of teaching SHRDLU more words. That whole way of doing AI, with explicit data structures representing concepts, was not going to work. Its brokenness did, as so often happens, generate a lot of opportunities to write papers about various band-aids that could be applied to it, but it was never going to get us Mike.